Membrane Pro-Xaa carboxypeptidase | |||||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||||
EC number | 3.4.17.16 | ||||||||
CAS number | 9075-64-3 | ||||||||
Databases | |||||||||
IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
PDB structures | |||||||||
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- Membrane Protein Examples
- Membrane Proteins Are Synthesized By Ribosomes That Are Attached To
- Membrane Protein Synthesis
- Membrane Protein Lysate
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Membrane Pro-Xaa carboxypeptidase (EC3.4.17.16, carboxypeptidase P, microsomal carboxypeptidase) is an enzyme.[1][2][3] This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
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- Release of a C-terminal residue other than proline, by preferential cleavage of a prolyl bond
This is one of the renal brush border exopeptidases
References[edit]
Membrane Protein Examples
- ^Dehm P, Nordwig A (December 1970). 'The cleavage of prolyl peptides by kidney peptidases. Isolation of a microsomal carboxypeptidase from swine kidney'. European Journal of Biochemistry. 17 (2): 372–7. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb01175.x. PMID5500406.
- ^Booth AG, Hubbard LM, Kenny AJ (May 1979). 'Proteins of the kidney microvillar membrane. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the membrane hydrolases: identification and resolution of the detergent- and proteinase-solubilized forms'. The Biochemical Journal. 179 (2): 397–405. doi:10.1042/bj1790397. PMC1186637. PMID486090.
- ^Hedeager-Sørensen S, Kenny AJ (July 1985). 'Proteins of the kidney microvillar membrane. Purification and properties of carboxypeptidase P from pig kidneys'. The Biochemical Journal. 229 (1): 251–7. doi:10.1042/bj2290251. PMC1145174. PMID4038259.
External links[edit]
- Membrane+Pro-Xaa+carboxypeptidase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Membrane_Pro-X_carboxypeptidase&oldid=917518966'
The water potential between fresh water (right) and sea water (left) corresponds to a hydraulic head of 270 metres
Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is a technique to separate a solvent (for example, fresh water) from a solution that is more concentrated (e.g. sea water) and also pressurized. A semipermeable membrane allows the solvent to pass to the concentrated solution side by osmosis.[1] The technique can be used to generate power from the salinity gradient energy resulting from the difference in the salt concentration between sea and river water.In PRO, the water potential between fresh water and sea water corresponds to a pressure of 26 bars. This pressure is equivalent to a column of water (hydraulic head) 270 meters high.[2]However, the optimal working pressure is only half of this, 11 to 15 bar.[3]
History[edit]
This method of generating power was invented by Prof. Sidney Loeb in 1973 at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.[4]
In 2014 researchers verified that 95% of a PRO system's theoretical power output can be produced with a membrane that is half (or less) the size needed for achieving 100%. Output is proportional to the salinity. Desalination yields very salty brine, while treated municipal wastewater has relatively little salt. Combining those streams could produce energy to power both facilities. However, powering an existing wastewater treatment plant by mixing treated wastewater with seawater could require a membrane area of 2.5 million square meters.[5]
To deal with these membrane requirements, scientists are working on rolled membranes [6] that will take up much less space.
Testing[edit]
The world's first osmotic plant with capacity of 10 kW was opened by Statkraft on 24 November 2009 in Tofte, Norway.[7] In January 2014 Statcraft terminated their osmosis project [8]
It is estimated that each year 1600 TWh could be generated worldwide, and 12 TWh in Norway, sufficient to meet 10% of Norway's total demand for electricity.[9]
See also[edit]
- Electrodialysis reversal (EDR)
- Reverse electrodialysis (RED)
References[edit]
- ^Helfer Fernanda, Lemckert Charles, Anissimov Yuri G (2014). 'Osmotic power with Pressure Retarded Osmosis: Theory, performance and trends – A review'. Journal of Membrane Science. 453: 337–358. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2013.10.053.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^How does it work?Archived 2009-11-28 at the Wayback Machine - Statkraft
- ^Osmoosivoimalan toiminta[permanent dead link] - Tekniikka & Talous(in Finnish)
- ^Israel Patent Application 42658. (July 3, 1973) United States patent 3906250. (Erroneously shows Israel priority as 1974 instead of 1973).
- ^[1]
- ^'A New Kind of Power from Salt Water' Wall St. Journal, August 29–31, 2014 [2]
- ^Wojciech Moskwa (2009-11-24). 'World's First Osmotic Power Plant Opens'. Reuters. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
- ^'Is PRO economically feasible? Not according to Statkraft | ForwardOsmosisTech'.
- ^Statkraft to build world's first osmotic power plantArchived 2008-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
Membrane Proteins Are Synthesized By Ribosomes That Are Attached To
Further reading[edit]
Membrane Protein Synthesis
- Loeb S.; Norman R. S. (1975). 'Osmotic Power Plants'. Science. 189 (4203): 654–655. Bibcode:1975Sci...189..654L. doi:10.1126/science.189.4203.654. PMID17838753.
- Loeb S. (1998). 'Energy Production at the Dead Sea by Pressure-Retarded Osmosis: Challenge or Chimera?'. Desalination. 120 (3): 247–262. doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00222-7.
- Norman R. S. (1974). 'Water Salination: A Source of Energy'. Science. 186 (4161): 350–2. Bibcode:1974Sci...186..350N. doi:10.1126/science.186.4161.350. PMID17839865.
- Cath T. Y.; Childress A. E.; Elimelech M. (2006). 'Forward osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments (Review)'. Journal of Membrane Science. 281 (1–2): 70–87. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.048.
- Loeb S. (1988). 'Comments on the suitability of reverse osmosis membranes for energy recover by submarine osmotic power plants Desalination (Review)'. Journal of Membrane Science. 68: 75–76. doi:10.1016/0011-9164(88)80044-4.
- Loeb S. (2002). 'Large-scale power production by pressure-retarded osmosis, using river water and sea water passing through spiral modules desalination (Review)'. Journal of Membrane Science. 143 (2): 115–122. doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00233-3.
- Achilli A.; Cath T. Y.; Childress A. E. (2009). 'Power generation with pressure retarded osmosis: an experimental and theoretical investigation'. Journal of Membrane Science. 343 (1–2): 42–52. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2009.07.006.
Membrane Protein Lysate
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pressure-retarded_osmosis&oldid=933852228'